General instructions:
Please complete the following assignment corresponding to Parts 1-3 of Introduction to Epidemiology by no later than Monday, September 28th at 11pm SAST/12am EAT.
At the end of the assignment we ask you to please note 1) approximately how much time you spent on the homework and how much time you spent reviewing the materials (videos and learning checks) , 2) what questions, if any, you have from the videos and/or any places you might have gotten stuck in the assignment, and 3) provide your feedback on the this week’s content and materials. We appreciate you taking the time complete these as your feedback is very important to us while we work to constantly improve the learning experience!
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Question 1 of 19
1. Question
Please read the following text and answer Questions 1-2.
A large study sought to determine the risk of uterine rupture during labor among women attempting to deliver a baby vaginally, in relation to the number of previous deliveries she had had by Cesarean section (C-section). Among 16,915 women with a single prior C-section, 115 experienced uterine rupture during the attempt to deliver vaginally. By comparison, 9 uterine ruptures occurred among 975 women who had had two or more C-sections before trying to deliver vaginally.
1. What kind of disease-frequency measure would be appropriate here to compare the risk of uterine rupture between these two groups of mothers?
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Grading can be reviewed and adjusted.Grading can be reviewed and adjusted. -
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Question 2 of 19
2. Question
2. Was the risk of uterine rupture higher or lower among women who had had multiple prior C-sections, compared to women with one prior C-section? Show your reasoning/calculations.
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Question 3 of 19
3. Question
The following is from the abstract of a paper estimating the total global mortality attributable to smoking. You may download the article in its entirety here: Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. Lancet. 2003 Sep 13;362(9387):847-52
(Note: you do not need to read the paper to answer this question, however, it has been provided for your reference)
We estimated that in 2000, 4·83 (uncertainty range 3·94–5·93) million premature deaths in the world were attributable to smoking; 2·41 (1·80–3·15) million in developing countries and 2·43 (2·13–2·78) million in industrialised countries. 3·84 million of these deaths were in men. The leading causes of death from smoking were cardiovascular diseases (1·69 million deaths), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0·97 million deaths), and lung cancer (0·85 million deaths).
3. Your non-epidemiologist friend is puzzled by this, because they have read that the cumulative incidence ratio linking smoking to lung cancer is estimated to range from 10 to 20, while the cumulative incidence ratio linking smoking to cardiovascular disease ranges only from 1.5 to 2.5. Briefly explain to your friend why smoking causes nearly twice as many deaths from cardiovascular disease as from lung cancer, in spite of what they know about the cumulative incidence ratios.
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Question 4 of 19
4. Question
Please download the following Excel file containing the data to be used to answer Questions 4-11: Epi_Module 1_Assignment 2_TB
The data are from 20 participants of a closed cohort study. Investigators initially planned to follow each participant for 10 years. The outcome was the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
4. Using the data from the table, estimate the simple cumulative incidence of tuberculosis (ignore the values for education). Show your calculations,
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Question 5 of 19
5. Question
5. Using the same data, calculate the overall rate of tuberculosis per 100 person-years.
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Question 6 of 19
6. Question
6. Estimate the rates separately for the first 5 years and the second 5 years of follow-up. Show your calculations. (Hint: Sort the data by follow-up time in Excel)
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Question 7 of 19
7. Question
7. Based on your results in Question 6, was it appropriate to calculate the rate per person-year for the total follow-up period? Explain in one sentence why or why not.
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Question 8 of 19
8. Question
Assume education is the exposure (low education = exposed; high education = unexposed) and receiving a tuberculosis diagnosis is the outcome.
8. Calculate the simple cumulative incidences by levels of exposure and the cumulative incidence ratio and describe the association in words.
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Question 9 of 19
9. Question
9. BONUS: Under true causality, what percent of tuberculosis risk among persons with low education would be attributable to their low education? What is this measure called?
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Question 10 of 19
10. Question
10. BONUS: Under true causality, what percent of tuberculosis risk would be attributable to low education in the whole cohort? What is this measure called?
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Question 11 of 19
11. Question
11. BONUS: Compare the values obtained in Questions 9 and 10. In one sentence, please explain why do they differ.
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Question 12 of 19
12. Question
How much time did you spend on this homework?
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Question 13 of 19
13. Question
Please include here any questions from the recorded lectures or homework that you would like to be addressed during the lab session.
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Question 14 of 19
14. Question
Your feedback is important to us. So that we can adequately adjust the lecture materials, please answer the questions below relating to each of this week’s topics:
Part 4: Measures of Association
Was the amount of information presented too little, just right, or too much?
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Question 15 of 19
15. Question
The lecture’s contents were clearly explained.
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Question 16 of 19
16. Question
How was the pace of the lecture?
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Question 17 of 19
17. Question
Part 5: Measure of Impact
Was the amount of information presented too little, just right, or too much?
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Question 18 of 19
18. Question
The lecture’s contents were clearly explained.
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Question 19 of 19
19. Question
How was the pace of the lecture?
CorrectIncorrect